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AIDS InfoNet • Fact Sheet 402

Drug Names and Manufacturers

April 21, 2009

  1. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ("Nukes")
  2. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  3. Protease Inhibitors
  4. Integrase Inhibitors
  5. Attachment and Fusion Inhibitors
  6. Antisense Drugs
  7. Immune Modulators


None of these drugs can kill the HIV virus, but each class slows down the multiplication of the virus (replication) in a particular way.

Combination medications: Some manufacturers have combined more than one drug into a single tablet or capsule. Combinations within a single class are listed below. Combinations of more than one type of drug are discussed in Fact Sheet 409.


1. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ("Nukes")

The first anti-HIV drugs. They block reverse transcription (the creation of viral DNA from RNA) by providing "decoy" building blocks that interrupt the process. Most are nucleoside analogs; tenofovir is a nucleotide analog.

Year
Approved*
Generic Name Trade Name Also Known As: Manufacturer
1987 Zidovudine Retrovir AZT, ZDV GlaxoSmithKline & generic
1991 Didanosine Videx ddI Bristol-Myers Squibb & generic
1992 Zalcitabine Hivid ddC,
dideoxycytidine
Roche: Manufacture discontinued in 2006
1994 Stavudine Zerit d4T Bristol-Myers Squibb & generic
1995 Lamivudine Epivir 3TC GlaxoSmithKline & generic
1997 Zidovudine/
lamivudine
Combivir Combines AZT
and 3TC
GlaxoSmithKline & generic
1998 Abacavir Ziagen ABC GlaxoSmithKline & generic
2000 Zidovudine/
lamivudine/
abacavir
Trizivir Combines AZT, 3TC, abacavir GlaxoSmithKline
2001 Tenofovir Viread TDF Gilead Sciences & generic
2003 Emtricitabine Emtriva FTC Gilead Sciences & generic
2004 Abacavir/lamivudine Epzicom Combines Ziagen and 3TC GlaxoSmithKline & generic
2004 Emtricitabine/tenofovir Truvada Combines Emtriva and Viread Gilead Sciences & generic
Fact Sheet 410 has information on other nukes in human trials.


2. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

These also interrupt reverse transcription, by binding to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and restricting its activity.

Year
Approved*
Generic Name Trade Name Also Known As: Manufacturer
1996 Nevirapine Viramune NVP Boehringer Ingelheim & generic
1997 Delavirdine Rescriptor DLV Pfizer/Agouron
1998 Efavirenz Sustiva,Stocrin EFV Bristol-Myers Squibb & generic
2008 Etravirine Intelence ETR Tibotec
Fact Sheet 430 has information on other non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors in human trials.


3. Protease Inhibitors

Block the action of protease, an enzyme that cuts HIV protein chains into specific proteins needed to assemble a new copy of the virus. NOTE: when you see "/r" after the name of a protease inhibitor, that means it is boosted with a small dose of ritonavir. For example, SQV/r means saquinavir boosted with ritonavir. At present, only lopinavir and ritonavir are available in a single pill.

Year
Approved*
Generic Name Trade Name Also Known As: Manufacturer
1995 Saquinavir Invirase SQV Roche
1996 Ritonavir Norvir RTV Abbott
1996 Indinavir Crixivan IDV Merck
1997 Nelfinavir Viracept NFV Pfizer/Agouron
1997 Saquinavir Fortovase; Manufacture discontinued in 2006 Roche
1999 Amprenavir Agenerase; Manufacture discontinued in 2007 GlaxoSmithKline
2000 Lopinavir/ritonavir Kaletra, Aluvia LPV Abbott & generic
2003 Atazanavir Reyataz®™ ATV Bristol-Myers Squibb
2003 Fosamprenavir Lexiva®™, Telzir FPV GlaxoSmithKline
2005 Tipranavir Aptivus TPV Boehringer Ingelheim
2006 Darunavir Prezista DRV Tibotec
Fact Sheet 440 has information on other protease inhibitors in human trials.


4. Integrase Inhibitors

Block the action of integrase, an enzyme that inserts the viral DNA into the infected cell's DNA strands.

Year
Approved*
Generic Name Trade Name Also Known As: Manufacturer
2007 Raltegravir Isentress RGV Merck
Fact Sheet 470 has information on other integrase inhibitors in human trials.


5. Attachment and Fusion Inhibitors

Prevent HIV from attaching to a cell.

Year
Approved*
Generic Name Trade Name Also Known As: Manufacturer
2003 Enfuvirtide Fuzeon T-20 Trimeris/Roche
2007 Maraviroc Selzentry, Celsentri MVC Pfizer
Fact Sheet 460 has information on other fusion and attachment inhibitors in human trials.


6. Antisense Drugs

These are a "mirror image" of part of the HIV genetic code that locks onto the virus to prevent it from functioning.

Fact Sheet 470 has information on antisense drugs in development.


7. Immune Modulators

Use the body's chemical messengers to stimulate the immune response. Over a dozen immune modulators are being studied in humans. See Fact Sheet 480 for more information.


*Year of approval in the U.S.A. Many generic versions have been approved under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. See www.fda.gov/oia/pepfar.htm for more information.


This article was provided by AIDS InfoNet.
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