Notes

1. CDC, HIV Prevalence Estimates -- United States, 2006, MMWR 2008;57:1073-1076 ("CDC Prevalence Estimate").
2. Hall HI et al., Estimation of HIV Incidence in the United States, JAMA 2008;300:520-529.
3. U.S. Census Bureau, 2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, accessed on May 20, 2009 at http://factfinder.census.gov/ servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=01000US&_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=& state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId= factsheet_1&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null% 3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=.
4. Hall, JAMA, 2008.
5. Hall HI et al., Estimating the Lifetime Risk of Diagnosis of the HIV Infection in 33 States, 2004-2005, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;49:294-297.
6. Hall, JAMA, 2008.
7. Black AIDS Institute, Left Behind -- Black America: A Neglected Priority in the Global AIDS Epidemic, August 2008.
8. CDC, National Vital Statistics Report, 2007;56(5).
9. Information provided by New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Unit, 2008.
10. CDC, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2006. Vol. 18; 2008.
11. CDC. HIV Prevalence Estimates -- United States, 2006, MMWR 2008;57:1073-1076.
12. CDC, Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data From the 2007 National Health Interview Study, June 2008.
13. CDC, Persons Tested for HIV -- United States, 2006, MMWR, 57(31);845-849.
14. Washington D.C. Department of Health, District of Columbia HIV/AIDS Update 2008, February 2009.
15. Washington D.C. Department of Health & George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, District of Columbia HIV/AIDS Behavioral Surveillance Summary and Technical Reports, 2008.
16. Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008.
17. CDC, HIV Prevalence, Unrecognized Infection, and HIV Testing Among Men Who Have Sex with Men -- Five U.S. Cities, June 2004-April 2005, MMWR 2005;54:597-601.
18. UNAIDS defines a concentrated epidemic as one where overall HIV prevalence in the general population is under 1% but where at least one discrete population (such as sex workers, drug users, or men who have sex with men) has HIV prevalence of at least 5%.
19. A generalized epidemic is one in which adult HIV prevalence exceeds 1%.
20. Vargas J, Fears D, "HIV/AIDS Rate in D.C. Hits 3%," The Washington Post, Page A01, March 15, 2009.
21. Black AIDS Institute, 2008.
22. CDC, Missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis of HIV infection -- South Carolina, 1997-2005, MMWR 2006;55:1269-1272 ("CDC South Carolina Report").
23. CDC Emergency Department Report, 2007.
24. Spielberg F et al., Overcoming barriers to HIV testing: preferences for new strategies among clients of a needle exchange, a sexually transmitted disease clinic, and sex venues for men who have sex with men, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;32:318-327.
25. Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008.
26. Spielberg, 2003.
27. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009 Survey of Americans on HIV/AIDS: Summary of Findings on the Domestic Epidemic, April 2009, accessed on May 20, 2009 at http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/upload/7889.pdf.
28. Breck, 2009.
29. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, South Carolina: Distribution of New AIDS Cases by Race/Ethnicity, accessed on May 25, 2009 at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=512&cat=11&rgn=42.
30. CDC South Carolina Report, 2006.
31. Gostin LO, HIV Screening in Health Care Settings: Public Health and Civil Liberties in Conflict? JAMA 2006;296:2023-2025.
32. Gostin, 2006.
33. CDC, Public Health Service Guidelines for Counseling and Antibody Testing to Prevent HIV and AIDS, MMWR 1987;36:509-515.
34. Bayer R, Fairchild AL, Changing the Paradigm for HIV Testing -- The End of Exceptionalism, New Eng J Med 2006;355:647-649.
35. CDC, Recommendations for HIV Testing Services for Inpatients and Outpatients in Acute-Care Hospital Settings, MMWR 1993;42:157-158.
36. CDC Emergency Department Report, 2007.
37. CDC, Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings, MMWR 2006;55(RR-14):1-14.
38. Chou, 2005.
39. Chen Z et al., Risk assessment to improve targeting of HIV counseling and testing services for STD clinic patients, Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:539-543.
40. Wolf LE et al., Implementing Routine HIV Testing: The Role of State Law, PLoS ONE 2007;2:e1005.
41. Breck A et al., Breaking the Barriers: How Does State Policy Impact HIV Testing Rates?, Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, 2009.
42. Barlett JG et al., Opt-Out Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States: Progress and Challenges, JAMA 2008;300:945-951.
43. Dowshen N et al., Experiences of HIV-Related Stigma Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men, AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2009;23:371-376.
44. Clark HJ et al., Stigma, Disclosure and Psychological Functioning Among HIV-Infected and Non-Infected African-American Women, Women & Health 2004;38:57-71.
45. Galvan FH et al., HIV Stigma and Social Support Among African Americans, AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2008;22:423-436.
46. Kegeles SM et al., The intersection of stigma and HIV in young African American men who have sex with men's lives, 15th International Conference on AIDS, Bangkok, Thailand, 2006, Abstract WePeD6400.
47. Hutchinson AB et al., Understanding the Patient's Pespective on Rapid and Routine HIV Testing in an Inner-City Urgent Care Center, AIDS Educ Prev 2004;16:101-114; Spielberg, 2003.
48. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.
49. Breck, 2009.
50. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.
51. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.
52. Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008.
53. CDC Gay Pride Report, 2007.
54. Gift TL, Hogben M, Emergency department sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus screening: findings from a national survey, Acad Emerg Med 2006;13:993-996.
55. Bernstein KT et al., HIV screening among U.S. physicians, 1999-2000, AIDS Patient Care STDs 2008;22:649-656.
56. Bartlett, 2008.
57. Burke RC et al., Why don't physicians test for HIV? A review of the U.S. literature, AIDS 2007;21:1617-1624.
58. Fears D, Amid Criticism, D.C. Plans Big Effort to Spread Word on AIDS, Washington Post, June 2, 2009.
59. Fears, 2009.
60. Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008; Hutchinson, 2004.
61. Ford CL et al., Confidentiality Concerns, Perceived Staff Rudeness, and Other HIV Testing Barriers, Journal of Equity in Health, 2008;1:7-21; Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008.Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008.
62. Kates J, Levi J, Insurance Coverage and Access to HIV Testing and Treatment: Considerations for Individuals at Risk for Infection and for Those with Undiagnosed Infection, CID 2007;45(Supp. 4):S255-S260.
63. Ford, 2008.
64. Irwin KL et al., The acceptability of voluntary HIV antibody testing in the United States: a decade of lessons learned, AIDS 1996;10:1707-1717.
65. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.
66. Merchant RC et al., Emergency department patient perceptions and preferences on opt-in rapid HIV screening program components, AIDS Care 2009;21:490-500.
67. De Wit JBF, Adam PCG, To test or not to test: psychosocial barriers to HIV testing in high-income countries, HIV Med 2008;9:20-22.
68. Irwin, 1996.
69. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Health Department Reports Early Success in Bronx-wide HIV Testing Initiative, News Release, December 1, 2008, accessed on June 3, 2009 at www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2008/pr072-08.shtml.
70. See UNAIDS, Global report on the AIDS epidemic, 2008.
71. Marum E et al., Using mass media campaigns to promote voluntary counseling and HIV-testing services in Kenya, AIDS 2008;22:2019-2024.
72. Washington D.C. Department of Health, 2008.
73. Mills S, Fischer-Ponce L, Media and magic: the effects of Magic Johnson's diagnosis on HIV antibody testing rates, International Conference on AIDS, July 19-24, 1992, Abstract No. MoC0060.
74. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.
75. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.
76. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009.

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