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8. Seeff LB, Wright EC, Zimmerman HJ, McCollum RW, VA Cooperative Studies Group. VA cooperative study of post-transfusion hepatitis and responsible risk factors. Am J Med Sci 1975;270:355-62.

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12. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Shih JW, et al. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1494-1500.

13. Aach RD, Stevens CE, Hollinger FB, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in post-transfusion hepatitis. An analysis with first- and second-generation assays. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1325-9.

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20. Brettler DB, Alter HJ, Deinstag JL, Forsberg AD, Levine PH. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in a cohort of hemophilia patients. Blood 1990;76:254-6.

21. Troisi CL, Hollinger FB, Hoots WK, et al. A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population. Blood 1993;81:412-8.

22. Kumar A, Kulkarni R, Murray DL, et al. Serologic markers of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and D in patients with hemophilia. J Med Virology 1993;41:205-9.

23. Tokars JI, Miller ER, Alter MJ, Arduino MJ. National surveillance of dialysis associated diseases in the United States, 1995. ASAIO Journal 1998;44:98-107.

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26. Thomas DL, Cannon RO, Shapiro CN, Hook EW III, Alter MJ. Hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among non-intravenous drug-using patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis 1994;169:990-5.

27. Buchbinder SP, Katz MH, Hessol NA, Liu J, O'Malley PM, Alter, MJ. Hepatitis C virus infection in sexually active homosexual men. J Infect 1994;29:263-9.

28. Thomas DL, Zenilman JM, Alter HJ, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore—an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis 1995;171:768-75.

29. Thomas DL, Factor SH, Kelen GD, Washington AS, Taylor E Jr, Quinn TC. Viral hepatitis in health care personnel at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1705-12.

30. Cooper BW, Krusell A, Tilton RC, Goodwin R, Levitz RE. Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in high-risk hospital personnel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:82-5.

31. Panlilio AL, Shapiro CN, Schable CA, et al. Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among hospital-based surgeons. J Am Coll Surg 1995;180:16-24.

32. Shapiro CN, Tokars JI, Chamberland ME, and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Serosurvey Study Committee. Use of hepatitis B vaccine and infection with hepatitis B and C among orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78-A:1791-1800.

33. Thomas DL, Gruninger SE, Siew C, Joy ED, Quinn TC. Occupational risk of hepatitis C infections among general dentists and oral surgeons in North America. Am J Med 1996;100:41-5.

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35. Williams AE, Thomson RA, Schreiber GB, et al. Estimates of infectious disease risk factors in US blood donors. JAMA 1997;277:967-72.

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37. Zuck TF, Rose GA, Dumaswala UJ, Geer NJ. Experience with a transfusion recipient education program about hepatitis C. Transfusion 1990;30:759-61.

38. Murphy EL, Bryzman S, Williams AE, et al. Demographic determinants of hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among blood donors. JAMA 1996;275: 995-1000.

39. Li F, Moon D, Michaels S. Homosexuality. In Laumann EO, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michaels S. The social organization of sexuality. Sexual practices in the United States. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994,283-320.

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41. Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander WJ, et al. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 1989;262:1201-5.

42. Donahue JG, Munoz A, Ness PM, et al. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:369-73.

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47. Eggen BM, Nordbo SA. Transmission of HCV by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992;326:410-1.

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49. Conrad EU, Gretch DR, Obermeyer KR, et al. Transmission of the hepatitis-C virus by tissue transplantation. J Bone Joint Surgery 1995;77:214-24.

50. Pereira BJG, Milford EL, Kirkman RL, et al. Low risk of liver disease after tissue transplantation from donors with HCV. Lancet 1993;341:903-4.

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52. Garfein RS, Doherty MC, Monterroso ER, Thomas DL, Nelson KE, Vlahov D. Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;18(suppl 1):S11-9.

53. Alter MJ. The epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis C. Clinics in Liver Disease 1997;1:559-68.

54. Koester SK, Hoffer L. "Indirect sharing": additional HIV risks associated with drug injection. AIDS & Pub Policy J 1994;9:100-5.

55. Heimer R, Khoshnood K, Jariwala-Freeman B, Duncan B, Harima Y. Hepatitis in used syringes: the limits of sensitivity of techniques to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, and antibodies to HBV core and HCV antigens. J Infect Dis 1996;173:997-1000.

56. Conry-Cantilena C, VanRaden M, Gibble J, et al. Routes of infection, viremia, and liver disease in blood donors found to have hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1691-6.

57. Allander T, Gruber A, Naghavi M, et al. Frequent patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus in a haematology ward. Lancet 1995; 345:603-7.

58. Bronowicki JP, Venard V, Botte C, et al. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus during colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:237-40.

59. Schvarcz R, Johansson B, Nyström B, Sönnerborg A. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus. Infection 1997;25:74-7.

60. Guyer B, Bradley DW, Bryan JA, Maynard JE. Non-A, non-B hepatitis among participants in a plasmapheresis stimulation program. J Infect Dis 1979;139:634-40.

61. Moyer LA, Alter MJ. Hepatitis C virus in the hemodialysis setting: a review with recommendations for control. Seminars in Dialysis 1994;7:124-7.

62. Niu MT, Coleman PJ, Alter MJ. Multicenter study of hepatitis C virus infection in chronic hemodialysis patients and hemodialysis center staff members. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:568-73.

63. Hardy NM, Sandroni S, Danielson S, Wilson WJ. Antibody to hepatitis C virus increases with time on hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 1992;38:44-8.

64. Niu MT, Alter MJ, Kristensen C, Margolis HS. Outbreak of hemodialysis-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis and correlation with antibody to hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;4:345-52.

65. Favero MS, Alter MJ. The reemergence of hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis centers. Seminars in Dialysis 1996;9:373-4.

66. Polish LB, Tong MJ, Co RL, Coleman PJ, Alter MJ. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among health care personnel in a community hospital. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:196-200.

67. Alter MJ. Occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus: a dilemma. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:742-4.

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74. Mansell CJ, Locarnini SA. Epidemiology of hepatitis C in the east. Semin Liver Dis 1995;15:15-32.

75. Mele A, Sagliocca L, Manzillo G, et al. Risk factors for acute non-A, non-B hepatitis and their relationship to antibodies for hepatitis C virus: a case-control study. Am J Public Health 1994;84:1640-43.

76. Kiyosawa K, Tanaka E, Sodeyama T, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C in an isolated area in Japan: community-acquired infection. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1596-1602.

77. Kaldor JM, Archer GT, Buring ML, et al. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors: a case-control study. Med J Australia 1992;157:227-30.

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79. Stroffolini T, Menchinelli M, Taliani G, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in a small central Italian town: lack of evidence of parenteral exposure. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;27:235-8.

80. Mele A, Corona R, Tosti ME, et al. Beauty treatments and risk of parenterally transmitted hepatitis: results from the hepatitis surveillance system in Italy. Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:441-4.

81. Sun D-X, Zhang F-G, Geng Y-Q, Xi D-S. Hepatitis C transmission by cosmetic tattooing in women [Letter]. Lancet 1996;347:541.

82. Everhart JE, Di Bisceglie AM, Murray LM, et al. Risk for non-A, non-B (type C) hepatitis through sexual or household contact with chronic carriers. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:544-5.

83. Eyster ME, Alter HJ, Aledort LM, Quan S, Hatzakis A, Goedert JJ. Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 1991;115:764-8.

84. Gordon SC, Patel AH, Kulesza GW, Barnes RE, Silverman AL. Lack of evidence for the heterosexual transmission of hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:1849-51.

85. Tong MJ, Lai PPC, Hwang S-J, et al. Evaluation of sexual transmission in patients with hepatitis C infection. Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 1995;3:39-47.

86. Brettler DB, Mannucci PM, Gringeri A, et al. The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C-infected males: an international, multicenter study. Blood 1992;80:540-3.

87. Mast EE, Darrow WW, Witte J, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among prostitutes: evidence for sexual transmission and protective efficacy of condoms [Abstract]. Program and abstracts of the Third International Symposium on HCV, Strasbourg, France, September 1991.

88. CDC. Transmission of hepatitis C virus infection associated with home infusion therapy for hemophilia. MMWR 1997;46:597-606.

89. Wejstal R, Widell A, Mansson AS, Hernodsson S, Norkrans G. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:887-90.

90. Lam JP, McOmish F, Burns SM, Yap PL, Mok JY, Simmonds P. Infrequent vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 1993;167:572-6.

91. Roudot-Thoraval F, Pawlotsky J-M, Thiers V, et al. Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Hepatology 1993;17:722-77.

92. Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 1994;330:744-50.

93. Lin HH, Kao JH, Hsu HY, et al. Possible role of high-titer maternal viremia in perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 1994;169:638-41.

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96. Manzini P, Saracco G, Cerchier A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factor for mother-to-child hepatitis C virus transmission; persistence of anti-hepatitis C virus in children is associated with the mother's anti-hepatitis C virus immunoblotting pattern. Hepatology 1995;21:328-32.

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99. Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Paccagnini S, et al. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1995;345:289-91.

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