Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Health-Care Worker Exposures to HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis

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51. Ruprecht RM, Chou, T-C, Chipty F, et al. Interferon- and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine are highly synergistic in mice and prevent viremia after acute retrovirus exposure. J AIDS 1990;3:591-600.

52. Van Rompay KKA, Marthas ML, Ramos RA, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant rhesus macaques as a model to test antiretroviral drug prophylaxis and therapy: oral 3-azido-3'-deoxythymidine prevents SIV infection. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 1992;36:2381-6.

53. Fazely F, Haseltine WA, Rodger RF, Ruprecht RM. Postexposure chemoprophylaxis with ZDV or ZDV combined with interferon-a: failure after inoculating rhesus monkeys with a high dose of SIV. J AIDS 1991;4:1093-7.

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55. Tsai C-C, Follis KE, Sabo A, et al. Prevention of SIV infection in macaques by (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine. Science 1995;270:1197-9. Vol. 47 / No. RR-7 MMWR 25

56. Böttiger D, Johansson N-G, Samuelsson B, et al. Prevention of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsm, or HIV-2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys by pre- and postexposure administration of BEA-005. AIDS 1997;11:157-62.

57. Niu MT, Stein DS, Schnittman SM. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: review of pathogenesis and early treatment intervention in humans and animal retrovirus infections. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1490-501.

58. Lundgren B, Böttiger D, Ljungdahl-Ståhle E, et al. Antiviral effects of 3'-fluorothymidine and 3'-azidothymidine in cynomolgus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. J AIDS 1991;4:489-98.

59. Böttiger D, Putkonen P, Oberg B. Prevention of HIV-2 and SIV infections in cynomolgus macaques by prophylactic treatment with 3'-fluorothymidine. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 1992;8:1235-8.

60. Böttiger D, Oberg B. Influence of the infectious dose of SIV on the acute infection in cynomolgus monkeys and on the effect of treatment with 3'-fluorothymidine [Abstract no. 81]. Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS, 1991.

61. LaFon SW, Mooney BD, McMullen JP, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of Retrovir ® (zidovudine, ZDV) as a chemoprophylactic agent in health care workers (HCW) exposed to HIV [Abstract 489]. In: Program and abstracts, 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1990:167.

62. Jochimsen EM. Failures of zidovudine postexposure prophylaxis. Am J Med 1997;102(suppl 5B):52-5.

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64. Lot F, Abiteboul D. Health-care workers infected with HIV in France: as of June 30, 1995. Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadiaire 1995;44:193-4.

65. Mayers DL. Prevalence and incidence of resistance to zidovudine and other antiretroviral drugs. Am J Med 1997;102(suppl 5B):70-5.

66. Coombs RW, Shapiro DE, Eastman PS, et al. Maternal viral genotypic zidovudine (ZDV) resistance and infrequent failure of ZDV therapy to prevent perinatal transmission [Abstract 17]. In: Program and abstracts of the Infectious Disease Society of America 35th annual meeting. Alexandria, VA: Infectious Disease Society of America, 1997:74.

67. Manion DJ, Hirsch MS. Combination chemotherapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1. Am J Med 1997;102(suppl 5B):76-80.

68. Lafeuillade A, Poggi C, Tamalet C, Profizi N, Tourres C, Costes O. Effects of a combination of zidovudine, didanosine, and lamivudine on primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1051-5.

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72. Anonymous. New drugs for HIV infection. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 1996;38:35-7.

73. Grob PM, Cao Y, Muchmore E, et al. Prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by nevirapine, a nonnucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase. Nature Medicine 1997;3:665-70.

74. Struble KA, Pratt RD, Gitterman SR. Toxicity of antiretroviral agents. Am J Med 1997;102(suppl 5B):65-7.

75. Food and Drug Administration. Protease inhibitors may increase blood glucose in HIV patients. FDA Medical Bulletin 1997:27.

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77. Dubé MP, Johnson DL, Currier JS, Leedom JM. Protease inhibitor-associated hyperglycaemia [Letter]. Lancet 1997;350:713-4.

78. Tokars JI, Marcus R, Culver DH, et al. Surveillance of HIV infection and zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:913-9.

79. Forseter G, Joline C, Wormser GP. Tolerability, safety, and acceptability of zidovudine prophylaxis in health care workers. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2745-9.

80. Henry K, Acosta EP, Jochimsen E. Hepatotoxicity and rash associated with zidovudine and zalcitabine chemoprophylaxis [Letter]. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:855.

81. Imrie A, Beveridge A, Genn W, Vizzard J, Cooper DA, the Sydney Primary HIV Infection Study Group. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to nevirapine and zidovudine. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1502-6.

82. Veenstra J, Schuurman R, Cornelissen M, et al. Transmission of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants following deliberate injection of blood from a patient with AIDS: characteristics and natural history of the virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:556-60.

83. Erice A, Mayers DL, Strike DG, et al. Brief report: primary infection with zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1163-5.

84. Fitzgibbon JE, Gaur S, Frenkel LD, et al. Transmission from one child to another of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a zidovudine-resistance mutation. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1835-41.

85. Frenkel LM, Wagner LE, Demeter LM, et al. Effects of zidovudine use during pregnancy on resistance and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1321-6.

86. CDC. Public Health Service task force recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women infected with HIV-1 for maternal health and for reducing perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. MMWR 1998;47(no. RR-2).

87. O'Sullivan MJ, Boyer PJJ, Scott GB, et al. The pharmacokinetics and safety of zidovudine in the third trimester of pregnancy for women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and their infants: Phase I Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinical Trials Group Study (protocol 082). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1510-6.

88. CDC. Birth outcomes following zidovudine therapy in pregnant women. MMWR 1994;43: 409,415-6.

89. White A, Eldridge R, Andrews E, the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry Advisory Committee. Birth outcomes following zidovudine exposure in pregnant women: the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1997;421:86-8.

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