Characteristics Associated With HIV Infection Among Heterosexuals in Urban Areas With High AIDS Prevalence -- 24 Cities, United States, 2006-2007

Characteristic

Participants

HIV prevalence

Prevalence ratio

Adjusted prevalence ratio*

No.

(%)

No.

(%)

No.

(95% CI)

No.

(95% CI)

Sex

Women

8,490

(57)

175

(2.1)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Men

6,347

(43)

119

(1.9)

0.9

(0.73-1.13)

1.0

(0.80-1.17)

Race/Ethnicity

Black

10,755

(72)

227

(2.1)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Hispanic^†

2,703

(18)

50

(1.8)

0.9

(0.44-1.75)

1.3

(0.78-2.15)

White

793

(5)

9

(1.1)

0.5

(0.29-0.99)

0.6

(0.32-1.17)

Other^§

577

(4)

8

(1.4)

0.7

(0.34-1.26)

0.9

(0.44-1.78)

Age group (yrs)

18-29

7,097

(48)

40

(0.6)

Referent

--

Referent

--

30-39

3,438

(23)

75

(2.2)

3.9

(2.45-6.12)

3.8

(2.32-6.27)

40-50

4,302

(29)

179

(4.2)

7.4

(4.51-12.08)

6.2

(3.55-10.90)

Region^¶

Northeast

3,408

(23)

105

(3.1)

Referent

--

--**

--

South

5,105

(34)

138

(2.7)

0.9

(0.30-2.58)

Midwest

2,163

(15)

20

(0.9)

0.3

(0.10-0.91)

West

3,551

(24)

27

(0.8)

0.2

(0.06-1.01)

Territories

610

(4)

4

(0.7)

0.2

(0.05-0.94)

Education level

Less than high school graduate

4,624

(31)

128

(2.8)

Referent

--

Referent

--

High school graduate or equivalent

6,274

(42)

117

(1.9)

0.7

(0.55-0.83)

0.9

(0.71-1.02)

More than high school graduate

3,939

(27)

49

(1.2)

0.4

(0.31-0.66)

0.7

(0.46-0.95)

Employment status

Employed

6,619

(45)

65

(1.0)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Unemployed

5,374

(36)

138

(2.6)

2.6

(1.50-4.57)

1.8

(1.06-2.96)

Disabled

884

(6)

63

(7.1)

7.3

(4.63-11.38)

3.4

(2.30-5.15)

Other^††

1,959

(13)

28

(1.4)

1.5

(0.94-2.26)

1.6

(0.99-2.45)

Annual household income ($)

≤9,999

7,426

(50)

205

(2.8)

Referent

--

Referent

--

10,000-19,999

3,490

(24)

49

(1.4)

0.5

(0.39-0.67)

0.7

(0.52-0.89)

20,000-49,999

3,024

(20)

33

(1.1)

0.4

(0.26-0.61)

0.6

(0.43-0.93)

≥50,000

649

(4)

3

(0.5)

0.2

(0.05-0.59)

0.3

(0.08-1.10)

Annual household income at or below poverty level^§§

No

3,734

(25)

39

(1.0)

Referent

--

--^¶¶

--

Yes

10,846

(73)

251

(2.3)

2.2

(1.37-3.59)

Homeless status***

No

11,984

(81)

206

(1.7)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Yes

2,853

(19)

88

(3.1)

1.8

(1.26-2.56)

1.0

(0.62 -1.56)

Crack cocaine use***

No

13,246

(89)

223

(1.7)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Yes

1,583

(11)

71

(4.5)

2.7

(2.01-3.54)

1.1

(0.81-1.59)

Exchange sex partner***^†††

No

13,059

(88)

234

(1.8)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Yes

1,728

(12)

58

(3.4)

1.9

(1.09-3.20)

1.1

(0.61-1.82)

STD diagnosis***

No

12,808

(86)

214

(1.7)

Referent

--

Referent

--

Yes

2,006

(14)

80

(4.0)

2.4

(1.80-3.17)

2.1

(1.65-2.79)

Total^§§§

14,837

(100)

294

(2.0)

--

--

--

--

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval, STD = sexually transmitted disease.

* Controlling for metropolitan statistical area (MSA), sex, race/ethnicity, age group, education level, employment status, annual household income, homeless status, crack cocaine use, exchange sex partner, and STD diagnosis.

† All persons who reported Hispanic ethnicity were classified as Hispanic and might be of any race.

§ Includes Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, and multiracial.

¶ Northeast: Boston, Massachusetts; Nassau/Suffolk counties, New York; New Haven, Connecticut; New York, New York; Newark, New Jersey; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. South: Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Houston, Texas; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Washington, DC. Midwest: Chicago, Illinios; Detroit, Michigan; and St. Louis, Missouri. West: Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California; San Diego, California; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. Territories: San Juan, Puerto Rico.

** Excluded because of colinearity with MSA.

†† Includes homemaker, retired, and student.

§§ Information available at www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/thresh07.html.

¶¶ Excluded because of colinearity with annual household income.

*** During the 12 months before interview.

††† Exchanged sex for things like money or drugs.

§§§ Numbers might not add to column totals because of missing data and responses of "don't know" or "refused."